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That is odd through, because the control knob is simply a device on the entertainment "MOST" bus, meaning it isn't wired directly to the stereo but they talk to each other over the network. It is it's own device with firmware and everything. Did you replace the entire control unit, or just replace the broken shaft? Was it the exact same part number as the original unit? Have you checked the fuses? Did you do any other repairs or changes when swapping out the knob? Are there any other components that aren't working?
I would start by unplugging the knob and seeing if the stereo turns on. It should, even with the knob disconnected. That will tell you if the knob unit itself is causing the problem or if you have another issue. If you have a mechanic or friend with a MB SDS/Xentry computer, it will tell you exactly where the problem lies.